Bandingkan kaedah

	Model Emax: Analisis Tindak Balas Dos-Farmakodinamik	Reka Bentuk dan Analisis Eksperimen Gerak Balas-Dos
Bidang	Farmakometrik	Reka Bentuk Eksperimen
Keluarga	Regression model	Hypothesis test
Tahun asal	1981	1994
Pengasas	Holford & Sheiner	Classical pharmacology; formalized by ICH E4 (1994) and Ritz et al. (2015)
Jenis	Nonlinear dose-response regression model	Nonlinear curve fitting and monotone contrast testing
Sumber perintis	Holford, N. H. G., & Sheiner, L. B. (1981). Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 6(6), 429–453.	Ritz, C., Baty, F., Streibig, J. C., & Gerhard, D. (2015). Dose-Response Analysis Using R. PLOS ONE, 10(12), e0146021.
Alias	Maximum Effect Model, Hyperbolic Emax Model, Sigmoidal Emax Model, Emax Farmakodynamik Modeli	dose-response analysis, dose-response curve, Doz-Yanıt Tasarımı ve Analizi (Dose-Response), ED50 analysis
Berkaitan	2	4
Ringkasan	The Emax model is a nonlinear pharmacodynamic model that describes the relationship between drug concentration and biological effect. Introduced by Holford and Sheiner in 1981, it characterizes dose-response curves using three fundamental parameters: the maximum achievable effect (Emax), the concentration producing half-maximal effect (EC50), and an optional baseline effect (E0). It remains the standard framework in clinical pharmacology and drug development for quantifying pharmacodynamic dose-response relationships.	Dose-response design is a framework for planning and analysing experiments that characterise the relationship between the amount of a stimulus — such as a drug dose or a chemical concentration — and the magnitude of a biological or physiological response. Formalised in regulatory guidance by the ICH E4 guideline (1994) and extensively developed in the statistical literature by Ritz et al. (2015), the framework covers experiment design, four-parameter and five-parameter logistic curve fitting, key benchmark estimates (ED50/EC50, NOAEL, LOAEL), and monotone trend testing via the Williams procedure.