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| Teknik Delphi× | Tinjauan Longitudinal× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Metodologi Tinjauan | Metodologi Tinjauan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1950s–1963 | 1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century |
| Pengasas≠ | Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation) | Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies) |
| Jenis≠ | Iterative expert consensus technique | Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467. DOI ↗ | Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292 |
| Alias | Delphi method, Delphi survey, expert consensus method, iterative expert panel | panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey |
| Berkaitan≠ | 6 | 3 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Delphi technique is a structured, multi-round data collection method that harvests and refines expert opinion through iterative questionnaires and controlled feedback. Developed at RAND Corporation in the 1950s, it is designed to converge a dispersed expert panel toward a reliable consensus on complex, uncertain, or future-oriented questions — without the conformity pressures of face-to-face group discussion. | A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support. |
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