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| Deklarasi Helsinki× | Kod Nuremberg× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Etika Penyelidikan | Etika Penyelidikan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1964 | 1947 |
| Pengasas≠ | World Medical Association (WMA) | International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg (Allied Powers) |
| Jenis | Framework | Framework |
| Sumber perintis≠ | World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. link ↗ | Nuremberg Military Tribunal. (1947). Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. United States Government Printing Office. link ↗ |
| Alias | DoH, Helsinki Declaration | Code of Nuremberg, Ten Principles |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) is the foundational international ethical code for medical research involving human subjects, established by the World Medical Association. It extended earlier principles (Nuremberg Code 1947) to include therapeutic research and formalized the physician's ethical duty to prioritize subject welfare. Updated nine times through 2013, it remains the standard adopted by major medical journals, research ethics committees, and regulatory bodies worldwide. | The Nuremberg Code (1947) is the first international ethical code governing human experimentation, established by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg following trials of Nazi physicians for conducting torture and unethical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Its ten principles, led by absolute requirement for voluntary informed consent, became the foundation for all modern research ethics governance and remain the gold standard for protecting research subjects from exploitation and abuse. |
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