Bandingkan kaedah

	Skala Kemurungan Kebimbangan Stres-21 (DASS-21)	Skala Depresi Pusat Penyelidikan Epidemiologi (CES-D)	Skala Penilaian Kebimbangan Hamilton (HAM-A)	Skala Kebimbangan dan Kemurungan Hospital (HADS)
Bidang	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1995	1977	1959	1983
Pengasas	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith
Jenis	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations
Sumber perintis	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.
Alias	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D
Berkaitan	5	5	5	4
Ringkasan	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.