Bandingkan kaedah

	Identifikasi Kausaliti dengan Graf Berkitar Arah (do-calculus)	Pemboleh Ubah Instrumental melalui Kuasa Dua Terkecil Dua Peringkat (IV/2SLS)
Bidang	Inferens Kausal	Inferens Kausal
Keluarga	Regression model	Regression model
Tahun asal	2009	2009
Pengasas	Judea Pearl	Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment); Stock & Yogo (weak-instrument theory)
Jenis	Causal identification framework	Instrumental-variables regression
Sumber perintis	Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521895606	Angrist, J. D. & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
Alias	do-calculus, backdoor adjustment, Pearl causal identification, DAG ile Nedensel Tanımlama (do-calculus)	instrumental variables, IV estimation, 2SLS, instrumental variable regression
Berkaitan	5	5
Ringkasan	DAG causal identification is a framework, developed by Judea Pearl (2009), that encodes causal assumptions as a directed acyclic graph and uses the do-calculus rules to determine whether and how a causal effect can be identified from observational data. It systematically handles confounders, instrumental variables, and backdoor paths.	IV/2SLS is a two-stage estimation method that recovers the causal effect of an endogenous regressor by isolating the part of its variation driven by an external instrument. It is the workhorse identification strategy in modern applied econometrics, developed at length in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics (2009).