Bandingkan kaedah

	Kajian Epidemiologi Keratan Rentas	Kajian Ekologi
Bidang	Epidemiologi	Epidemiologi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th century	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century
Pengasas	Classical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s)	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues
Jenis	Observational, descriptive/analytic epidemiological design	Observational epidemiological study
Sumber perintis	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195080407	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.
Alias	prevalence study, cross-sectional survey, transversal study, cross-sectional design	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study
Berkaitan	6	5
Ringkasan	A cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest simultaneously in a defined population at a single point in time (or over a short period). Because there is no follow-up, it is the most efficient observational design for estimating disease prevalence and for generating hypotheses about associations between risk factors and health outcomes.	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.