Bandingkan kaedah

	Analisis Faktor Konfirmatori untuk Skala	Kesan Batas Bawah dan Batas Atas
Bidang	Psikometrik	Psikometrik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1969	2000
Pengasas	Karl G. Jöreskog	Classical psychometrics
Jenis	Confirmatory factor analysis methodology	Measurement validity assessment
Sumber perintis	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183-202.	McHorney, C. A. (2000). Ten recommendations for measuring health status. Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 1-5.
Alias	CFA, Confirmatory factor analysis, Path analysis, Structural equation modeling	Floor effect, Ceiling effect, Psychometric floor effect, Measurement floor
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is a statistical method for testing whether a hypothesized factorial structure fits empirical data. Developed by Karl G. Jöreskog in 1969, CFA is the standard approach for validating psychometric scales by evaluating whether items load onto theoretically specified latent factors as expected. Unlike exploratory factor analysis, CFA requires a priori specification of the factor structure and provides goodness-of-fit indices to assess model adequacy.	Floor and ceiling effects are psychometric phenomena in which a disproportionately large proportion of respondents achieve the lowest (floor) or highest (ceiling) possible score on a measurement scale. These effects compromise scale reliability and responsiveness, limiting the instrument's ability to distinguish among respondents and detect meaningful change over time. Systematic assessment of floor and ceiling effects is essential for evaluating the psychometric adequacy of health-related quality-of-life scales, functional status measures, and other patient-reported outcomes.