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| Inventori Kebimbangan Keadaan Kompetitif-2 (CSAI-2)× | Skala Kebimbangan Sukan (SAS)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Sukan | Psikologi Sukan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal | 1990 | 1990 |
| Pengasas≠ | Rainer Martens, Robin Vealey, Damon Burton | Ronald Smith, Frank Smoll, Robert Schutz |
| Jenis≠ | Self-report state anxiety questionnaire | Self-report sport-specific trait anxiety questionnaire |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., Burton, D., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive Anxiety in Sport (pp. 193–218). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. link ↗ | Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurement and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale. Anxiety Research, 2(4), 263–280. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | CSAI-2, Competitive State Anxiety | SAS, SAS-2, Sport-Specific Anxiety |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The CSAI-2 is a 27-item instrument measuring three dimensions of state anxiety in sport: cognitive anxiety (worry), somatic anxiety (physiological arousal), and self-confidence. Developed by Martens and colleagues in 1990, it has become the gold standard for assessing pre-competition psychological state and is widely used in sport psychology research, coaching, and athlete support. | The SAS is a 15–21 item questionnaire measuring trait (dispositional) sport-specific anxiety—the tendency to experience worry and physiological arousal in sport-competitive contexts. Developed by Smith, Smoll, and Schutz in 1990, the SAS is the primary instrument for assessing individual differences in sport anxiety proneness and for predicting anxiety management needs across diverse athletic populations. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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