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| Penyelidikan Longitudinal Perbandingan× | Penyelidikan Longitudinal× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan | Reka Bentuk Penyelidikan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | Mid-20th century onward; systematized in sociological and developmental research by the 1960s–1970s | Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century |
| Pengasas≠ | Developed across social science and educational research traditions; no single originator | No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett |
| Jenis≠ | Quantitative observational research design | Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design |
| Sumber perintis | Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292 | Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841 |
| Alias | longitudinal comparative design, comparative panel design, multi-group longitudinal study, longitudinal cross-national comparison | longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study |
| Berkaitan≠ | 2 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Comparative longitudinal research tracks two or more distinct groups across multiple time points, enabling researchers to observe how outcomes change over time and whether those trajectories differ between groups. By combining the temporal depth of longitudinal design with the between-group contrast of comparative design, this approach can detect not only whether groups differ at any single moment but also whether they diverge, converge, or evolve at different rates across the observation window. | Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time. |
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