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| Skala Pendedahan Tempur (CES)× | Inventori Distres Peritraumatis (PDI)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Ketenteraan | Psikologi Ketenteraan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1989 | 2001 |
| Pengasas≠ | Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, Zimering, Taylor, & Mora | Brunet, Akerib, & Birmes |
| Jenis≠ | Self-report | Self-report (retrospective to trauma) |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53-55. DOI ↗ | Brunet, A., Akerib, V., & Birmes, P. (2001). Don't forget initial symptoms of acute stress disorder: Evaluation of a simple stack of criteria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(7), 460-466. link ↗ |
| Alias | CES, Keane Combat Exposure Scale | PDI, Peri-Traumatic Distress Inventory |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to characterize trauma load and risk for PTSD. | The PDI is a 13-item self-report measure assessing the emotional, physical, and cognitive distress experienced during or immediately after a traumatic event. Developed by Brunet, Akerib, and Birmes in 2001, it captures acute peritraumatic responses (dissociation, fear, confusion) that predict risk for chronic PTSD. It is widely used in emergency medicine, military medical systems, and trauma research to identify acutely traumatized individuals at high risk for persistent psychological injury. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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