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| Skala Pendedahan Tempur (CES)× | Skala Kejadian Kecederaan Moral (MIES)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Ketenteraan | Psikologi Ketenteraan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1989 | 2013 |
| Pengasas≠ | Keane, Fairbank, Caddell, Zimering, Taylor, & Mora | Nash, Marino Carper, Mills, Au, Goldsmith, & Litz |
| Jenis | Self-report | Self-report |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53-55. DOI ↗ | Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T. A., Goldsmith, A. A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(3), 249-263. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | CES, Keane Combat Exposure Scale | MIES |
| Berkaitan | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to characterize trauma load and risk for PTSD. | The MIES is a 9-item self-report measure assessing exposure to morally injurious events in military personnel. Developed by Nash and colleagues in 2013, it captures three dimensions: perpetration (committing acts that violate personal values), betrayal (witnessing leaders/unit members violate moral standards), and observed moral violations. The MIES measures moral injury burden distinct from PTSD and is increasingly used in veteran mental health screening and treatment. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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