Bandingkan kaedah

	Skala Depresi Pusat Penyelidikan Epidemiologi (CES-D)	Soal Selidik Kesihatan Umum-12 (GHQ-12)	Skala Penilaian Kebimbangan Hamilton (HAM-A)
Bidang	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1977	1992	1959
Pengasas	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	David P. Goldberg	Max Hamilton
Jenis	Community-based depression assessment	Psychiatric symptom screening	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
Sumber perintis	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
Alias	CES-D, CESD	GHQ-12, GHQ	HAM-A, HARS
Berkaitan	5	5	5
Ringkasan	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.