Bandingkan kaedah

	Skala Depresi Pusat Penyelidikan Epidemiologi (CES-D)	Soal Selidik Kesihatan Umum-12 (GHQ-12)	Skala Kemurungan Geriatrik (GDS)
Bidang	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal	Psikologi Klinikal
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1977	1992	1982
Pengasas	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	David P. Goldberg	Jerome A. Yesavage, Terry L. Brink, and colleagues
Jenis	Community-based depression assessment	Psychiatric symptom screening	Age-appropriate depression screening
Sumber perintis	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.
Alias	CES-D, CESD	GHQ-12, GHQ	GDS, GDS-15, GDS-30
Berkaitan	5	5	5
Ringkasan	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a 30-item self-report depression screening instrument specifically designed for older adults. Developed by Yesavage, Brink, and colleagues in 1982, the GDS addresses the unique presentation of depression in aging populations, where symptoms may differ from younger adults. A validated 15-item short form (GDS-15) is widely used in primary care and community settings for rapid screening.