Bandingkan kaedah

	Fluks Aerodinamik pukal	Kovarians Edi
Bidang	Meteorologi	Meteorologi
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1981	1951
Pengasas	Large and Pond	Swinbank
Jenis	Surface flux estimation method	Micrometeorological flux measurement
Sumber perintis	Large, W. G., & Pond, S. (1981). Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11(3), 324-336.	Baldocchi, D. (2003). Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide fluxes of ecosystems: past, present and future. Global Change Biology, 9(4), 479-492.
Alias	Bulk aerodynamic approach, Bulk flux parametrization, Aerodynamic bulk method	Eddy covariance, EC flux, Eddy correlation, Direct flux measurement
Berkaitan	3	3
Ringkasan	The bulk aerodynamic method estimates surface energy and momentum fluxes from standard meteorological observations. Rather than measuring turbulent fluxes directly, it parameterizes them using measurements of wind speed, temperature, and moisture at a reference height (typically 10 m) and surface conditions, multiplied by empirically derived drag and transfer coefficients.	The eddy covariance method is a direct, micrometeorological technique that measures turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat, water vapor, and CO2 by computing the covariance between high-frequency fluctuations of wind velocity and scalar properties (temperature, humidity, concentration). It is the gold standard for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere exchanges and validating model parameterizations.