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| Operator Boolean× | Sistem Pengenal Objek Digital× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Kemahiran Penyelidikan | Kemahiran Penyelidikan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1847 (Boolean algebra); 1960s (database applications) | 1998 (concept); 2001 (widespread adoption) |
| Pengasas≠ | George Boole and IT information retrieval practitioners | Norman Paskin, CrossRef and International DOI Foundation (1998) |
| Jenis≠ | Tool | Standard |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Wilkinson, M. D., Sansone, S. A., Vandervalk, B., & Rocca-Serra, P. (2011). Evaluating information retrieval systems: a guide for researchers. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 11(2), 181–190. link ↗ | Paskin, N. (2010). Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3rd ed., 1586–1592. ISBN: 978-0-8493-9712-7 |
| Alias | Boolean logic, Boolean search, AND OR NOT | DOI, Digital Object Identifier, persistent identifier |
| Berkaitan≠ | 2 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Boolean search operators are logical functions—AND, OR, NOT, and parentheses—used to combine and filter search terms in bibliographic databases, library catalogs, and search engines. Named after mathematician George Boole (1815–1864), Boolean logic has been applied to information retrieval since the 1960s. These operators allow researchers to construct complex, precise searches that retrieve only articles meeting specific combinations of criteria, dramatically improving search efficiency and reducing irrelevant results. | A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique, persistent alphanumeric code that identifies a scholarly work (journal article, book chapter, dataset, preprint) and persists even if the URL changes. Introduced in 1998 by Norman Paskin and the International DOI Foundation, DOIs are now standard in academic publishing. They consist of a prefix (assigned to a publisher or organization) and a suffix (assigned to an individual work), formatted as 10.XXXX/XXXXX (e.g., 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097). DOIs are registered with international agencies (CrossRef, DataCite, mEDRA) and resolve through the centralized resolver https://doi.org/, ensuring that a DOI will direct users to the correct article regardless of whether the publisher's website changes location. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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