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| Operator Boolean× | Analisis Sitasi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Kemahiran Penyelidikan | Kemahiran Penyelidikan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1847 (Boolean algebra); 1960s (database applications) | 1955 (citation indexes); 1975 (Impact Factor); 2005 (H-index) |
| Pengasas≠ | George Boole and IT information retrieval practitioners | Eugene Garfield (Citation Indexes, 1955); Jorge Hirsch (H-index, 2005) |
| Jenis | Tool | Tool |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Wilkinson, M. D., Sansone, S. A., Vandervalk, B., & Rocca-Serra, P. (2011). Evaluating information retrieval systems: a guide for researchers. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 11(2), 181–190. link ↗ | Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(46), 16569–16572. DOI ↗ |
| Alias | Boolean logic, Boolean search, AND OR NOT | citation metrics, bibliometric analysis, citation tracking |
| Berkaitan≠ | 2 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Boolean search operators are logical functions—AND, OR, NOT, and parentheses—used to combine and filter search terms in bibliographic databases, library catalogs, and search engines. Named after mathematician George Boole (1815–1864), Boolean logic has been applied to information retrieval since the 1960s. These operators allow researchers to construct complex, precise searches that retrieve only articles meeting specific combinations of criteria, dramatically improving search efficiency and reducing irrelevant results. | Citation analysis is the systematic study of how scholarly works are cited by subsequent research, used as a proxy for research impact and influence. Founded formally by Eugene Garfield in 1955 (introducing citation indexes), the field encompasses metrics ranging from simple citation counts to sophisticated indices like the H-index (Hirsch, 2005) and field-normalized indicators. Citation analysis is used to evaluate researcher productivity, track influence of ideas, assess journal quality, and detect research trends. While citation counts are not perfect measures of quality (high citation does not equal high quality; time lag in citation accumulation), they provide valuable quantitative data for research evaluation alongside peer review and expert assessment. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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