Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Tindakan	Metode Delphi	Penyelidikan Kumpulan Fokus
Bidang	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1946	1963	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
Pengasas	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Norman Dalkey & Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
Jenis	Method	Structured iterative expert-elicitation process	Qualitative data collection method
Sumber perintis	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Dalkey, N. & Helmer, O. (1963). An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
Alias	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Delphi Yöntemi, Delphi technique, expert consensus method	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
Berkaitan	1	5	6
Ringkasan	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	The Delphi method is a structured, iterative survey technique developed by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer at the RAND Corporation in 1963 for eliciting and converging expert opinion on complex topics where empirical data are unavailable or insufficient. It collects independent judgements from a geographically dispersed expert panel over multiple anonymous rounds, feeding aggregated results back to participants after each round so they can revise their views in light of the group's collective position.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.