Bandingkan kaedah

	Penyelidikan Tindakan	Analisis Kandungan	Penyelidikan Kumpulan Fokus	Penyelidikan Kaedah Campuran
Bidang	Penyelidikan Kualitatif	Kualitatif	Kualitatif	Kualitatif
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1946	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	—
Pengasas	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	—
Jenis	Method	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Qualitative data collection method	Research design framework
Sumber perintis	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Creswell, J.W. & Plano Clark, V.L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483344379
Alias	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	Karma Yöntem Araştırması (Mixed Methods), multi-method research, triangulation design
Berkaitan	1	5	6	4
Ringkasan	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	Mixed methods research is a systematic research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected and analysed within a single study. Formalised by Creswell and Plano Clark (2003, 3rd ed. 2018), it offers three principal design variants — concurrent, sequential, and transformative — and strengthens findings through triangulation across both data strands.