Bandingkan kaedah

	Abstrak Penulisan: Mengarang Abstrak Akademik yang Berkesan	Proses Penyerahan Jurnal: Daripada Penyediaan Manuskrip kepada Penerbitan
Bidang	Penulisan Akademik	Penulisan Akademik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1950	1950
Pengasas	Scientific publishing community; formalized by ICMJE and indexing services (MEDLINE, Web of Science)	Journal editors and publishing community; standards documented by ICMJE and COPE
Jenis	Guideline	Guideline
Sumber perintis	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.
Alias	abstract, structured abstract, unstructured abstract	manuscript submission, journal submission, peer review process
Berkaitan	4	4
Ringkasan	An abstract is a self-contained, concise summary of a research article that enables readers to quickly understand the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions without reading the full paper. Abstracts are the primary gateway to published literature: they appear in journal issues, bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus), and search engine results. Well-written abstracts increase citation rates and visibility; poorly written ones obscure important research. The ICMJE and major journals mandate abstracts for original research, with structured formats (Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions) becoming increasingly standard.	Submitting a manuscript to a peer-reviewed journal is a multi-stage process: preparation, submission, editorial triage, peer review, revision, and publication. Understanding each stage helps authors avoid common pitfalls and set realistic expectations. Most journals use online submission systems (ScholarOne, Editorial Manager, OJS) that guide authors through the process. From submission to first editorial decision typically takes 30–90 days; acceptance to publication can take another 30–180 days depending on the journal's backlog and production timeline. Journals vary in acceptance rates (Nature ~5%, specialized journals 30–50%) and review times. Knowing the journal's policies and timelines before submitting prevents frustration.