Bandingkan kaedah

	Abstrak Penulisan: Mengarang Abstrak Akademik yang Berkesan	Struktur IMRaD: Pendahuluan, Kaedah, Hasil, dan Perbincangan
Bidang	Penulisan Akademik	Penulisan Akademik
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1950	1970
Pengasas	Scientific publishing community; formalized by ICMJE and indexing services (MEDLINE, Web of Science)	International scientific publishing community (adopted widely by 1970s)
Jenis	Guideline	Guideline
Sumber perintis	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals.
Alias	abstract, structured abstract, unstructured abstract	IMRaD, IMRAD, scientific manuscript structure
Berkaitan	4	5
Ringkasan	An abstract is a self-contained, concise summary of a research article that enables readers to quickly understand the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions without reading the full paper. Abstracts are the primary gateway to published literature: they appear in journal issues, bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus), and search engine results. Well-written abstracts increase citation rates and visibility; poorly written ones obscure important research. The ICMJE and major journals mandate abstracts for original research, with structured formats (Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions) becoming increasingly standard.	IMRaD is the standard organizational framework for scientific manuscripts in biomedical and natural sciences research. It separates reporting into four sequential sections—Introduction (why the research was conducted), Methods (how it was done), Results (what was found), and Discussion (what the findings mean)—enabling readers to understand, evaluate, and reproduce the work. Adopted as best practice by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) since the 1970s, IMRaD structure is now mandated or strongly recommended by most peer-reviewed journals.