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| Kesediaan Membayar (WTP) dalam Ekonomi Kesehatan× | Model Rantai Markov dalam Ekonomi Kesehatan× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Ekonomi Kesehatan | Ekonomi Kesehatan |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1980s | 1983 |
| Pencetus≠ | Carson & Louviere (stated preference/contingent valuation methods) | Beck & Pauker (medical decision analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital) |
| Tipe | Method | Method |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Carson, R. T., & Louviere, J. J. (2011). A Common Nomenclature for Stated Choice Studies. In S. Hess & A. Daly (Eds.), Choice Modelling: The State of the Art and the State of Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. link ↗ | Beck, J. R., & Pauker, S. G. (1983). The Markov Process in Medical Prognosis. Medical Decision Making, 3(4), 419-458. DOI ↗ |
| Alias | WTP, contingent valuation, stated preference method | Markov model, state transition model, cohort simulation |
| Terkait | 5 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic valuation method that elicits what individuals or society are willing to spend for a health benefit or to avoid a health risk. Rooted in contingent valuation (Carson & Louviere, 1980s), WTP is used to monetize health outcomes for cost-benefit analysis and to infer implicit cost-effectiveness thresholds from actual healthcare spending patterns. Unlike revealed preference (observing actual spending behavior), WTP uses stated preferences—surveys asking respondents: 'How much would you pay for this health improvement?' | A Markov model is a decision-analytic tool that simulates disease progression through defined health states over time, calculating cumulative costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to enable cost-effectiveness analysis. Developed by Beck and Pauker in 1983, Markov models are now the standard framework for projecting long-term outcomes of health interventions, especially chronic diseases where patients transition between clinical states (treatment response, disease progression, remission, death). Used by health technology assessment bodies and pharmaceutical companies to predict intervention value beyond trial duration. |
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