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| Nationalism and Patriotism Scale× | Ethnocentrism Scale× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Politik | Psikologi Politik |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1989 | 2001 |
| Pencetus≠ | Rick Kosterman & Seymour Feshbach | James W. Neuliep & James C. McCroskey |
| Tipe | Self-report attitude scale | Self-report attitude scale |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257-274. DOI ↗ | Neuliep, J. W. (2002). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 31(4), 201-215. link ↗ |
| Alias | Patriotism-Nationalism Scale, Kosterman-Feshbach Scale, Blind and Constructive Patriotism Scale | GENE Scale, Ethnocentrism Scale, Generalized Ethnocentrism Scale |
| Terkait | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Nationalism and Patriotism Scale, introduced by Kosterman and Feshbach (1989), distinguishes patriotism (love of and attachment to one's nation) from nationalism (belief in national superiority and a desire for dominance over other nations). It established that national attachment is not a single attitude but a set of separable dimensions, a distinction later extended by Schatz, Staub and Lavine (1999) into blind versus constructive patriotism. | The Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale, developed by Neuliep and McCroskey, is a self-report instrument measuring ethnocentrism: the tendency to view one's own group as the center of the social universe and to judge other groups by its standards, with corresponding ingroup preference and outgroup derogation. In political science, the ethnocentrism construct was given prominence by Kinder and Kam's (2009) Us Against Them, which uses survey-based ethnocentrism measures to explain American policy opinion. |
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