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| Kuesioner Kesehatan Umum-12 (GHQ-12)× | Skala Depresi Studi Epidemiologi (CES-D)× | Skala Tekanan Psikologis Kessler-10 (K10)× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Psikologi Klinis | Psikologi Klinis | Psikologi Klinis |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 1992 | 1977 | 2002 |
| Pencetus≠ | David P. Goldberg | Lenore Sawyer Radloff | Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues |
| Tipe≠ | Psychiatric symptom screening | Community-based depression assessment | Non-specific psychological distress screening |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press. link ↗ | Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. DOI ↗ | Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. Y., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | GHQ-12, GHQ | CES-D, CESD | K10, K6, Kessler Scale |
| Terkait | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings. | The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide. | The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10) is a 10-item self-report measure of non-specific psychological distress and mental health problems. Developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2002, the K10 was designed as an ultra-brief screening instrument for population surveys and epidemiological research. A shorter 6-item version (K6) is also widely used for rapid case identification. |
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