विधियों की तुलना करें

	त्रिकोणीय सर्वेक्षण	ऑनलाइन सर्वेक्षण	अर्ध-संरचित साक्षात्कार
क्षेत्र	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति	गुणात्मक
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1978 (Denzin); widely operationalized in survey contexts from the 1990s onward	Mid-1990s (widespread scholarly adoption ~1995–2000)	1946 (Merton & Kendall); codified as a standard method through the 1980s–1990s
प्रवर्तक	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation concept); Alan Bryman (mixed-methods survey application)	Mick P. Couper, Don A. Dillman (early systematic frameworks)	Robert K. Merton and Patricia Kendall (focused interview, 1946); further systematised by Steinar Kvale
प्रकार	Mixed-methods data collection design	Quantitative / mixed-methods data collection technique	Qualitative research method
मौलिक स्रोत	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Couper, M. P. (2000). Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(4), 464–494.	Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761925422
उपनाम	survey triangulation, multi-method survey, convergent survey design, cross-validated survey	web survey, internet survey, e-survey, computer-assisted web interviewing	guided interview, semi-standardized interview, focused interview, SSI
संबंधित	5	6	6
सारांश	A Triangulated Survey deliberately combines a structured survey instrument with at least one additional data source — such as interviews, focus groups, observation, or a second survey — so that findings from each source can be cross-validated against the others. Rooted in Denzin's concept of methodological triangulation, the design strengthens credibility by checking whether independent lines of evidence converge on the same conclusions. It is especially common in applied social, educational, and health research.	An online survey is a structured data collection instrument hosted on a web platform and completed by respondents via internet-connected devices. It enables large-scale, geographically dispersed data gathering at low cost and with rapid turnaround. Respondents self-administer the questionnaire at their convenience, which reduces interviewer bias and permits automatic data capture. Online surveys are the dominant mode of survey research in social, behavioural, health, and market research today.	The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured interviews — which are entirely open — the semi-structured format balances comparability across participants with the flexibility needed to capture the depth and nuance of individual perspectives. It is the most widely used interview format in social science, health, and education research.