विधियों की तुलना करें

	सर्वेक्षण अनुसंधान	पैनल अनुसंधान
क्षेत्र	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s
प्रवर्तक	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
प्रकार	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design
मौलिक स्रोत	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717
उपनाम	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel
संबंधित	4	3
सारांश	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.