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	क्रमिक / समूह क्रमिक परीक्षण डिज़ाइन	शक्ति विश्लेषण (Power Analysis)
क्षेत्र	प्रयोगात्मक अभिकल्प	सांख्यिकी
परिवार	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
उद्भव वर्ष	1979	1969 (1st ed.); 1988 (seminal 2nd ed.)
प्रवर्तक	O'Brien & Fleming; Pocock; Lan & DeMets	Jacob Cohen
प्रकार	Adaptive stopping trial design	Sample size and power planning
मौलिक स्रोत	O'Brien, P.C. & Fleming, T.R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549–556.	Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805802832
उपनाम	group sequential design, adaptive stopping design, Ardışık Deneme Tasarımı (Sequential / Group Sequential)	sample size calculation, power calculation, sensitivity analysis, a priori power analysis
संबंधित	3	5
सारांश	Sequential and group sequential trial designs allow a study to be stopped early — or continued — based on interim analyses conducted as data accumulate. The core framework was formalised by O'Brien and Fleming in 1979 and extended by Lan and DeMets's alpha-spending approach, and it controls the overall Type I error rate across all planned looks by pre-specifying both efficacy and futility boundaries before enrolment begins.	Power analysis is a planning and evaluation technique that quantifies the probability of detecting a real effect of a given magnitude at a chosen significance level. It links four quantities — sample size, effect size, significance level (alpha), and statistical power (1 minus beta) — so that researchers can determine the sample size needed before data collection or evaluate the sensitivity of a completed study.