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	Robust Regression Discontinuity Design (मजबूत रिग्रेशन डिसकंटीन्यूइटी डिज़ाइन)	प्रोपेंसिटी स्कोर मैचिंग
क्षेत्र	कारणात्मक अनुमान	अनुसंधान सांख्यिकी
परिवार	Regression model	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	2014	1983
प्रवर्तक	Calonico, Cattaneo & Titiunik	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
प्रकार	Quasi-experimental causal inference	Method
मौलिक स्रोत	Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M. D., & Titiunik, R. (2014). Robust Nonparametric Confidence Intervals for Regression-Discontinuity Designs. Econometrica, 82(6), 2295-2326.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
उपनाम	Robust RDD, Bias-corrected RDD, CCT estimator, rdrobust	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
संबंधित	4	3
सारांश	Robust RDD extends the classical regression discontinuity design with bias correction and robust confidence intervals, addressing the under-coverage problem of conventional RDD inference. Developed by Calonico, Cattaneo, and Titiunik (2014), it uses local polynomial estimation with a bias-corrected point estimate and a wider variance term that accounts for the added uncertainty, yielding confidence intervals with correct asymptotic coverage.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.