विधियों की तुलना करें

	जोखिम-समायोजित स्क्रीनिंग टेस्ट मूल्यांकन	केस-कंट्रोल अध्ययन
क्षेत्र	महामारी विज्ञान	महामारी विज्ञान
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	Late 1990s–2000s (formal statistical framework ~1997–2009)	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
प्रवर्तक	Margaret Sullivan Pepe and colleagues (covariate-adjusted ROC methodology)	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
प्रकार	Analytical study design	Observational analytic study design
मौलिक स्रोत	Pepe, M. S. (2003). The Statistical Evaluation of Medical Tests for Classification and Prediction. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0198565826	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
उपनाम	risk-stratified screening accuracy study, covariate-adjusted diagnostic accuracy evaluation, risk-adjusted screening performance assessment, RASTE	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
संबंधित	6	6
सारांश	Risk-adjusted screening test evaluation assesses the sensitivity, specificity, and overall discriminatory accuracy of a screening test after accounting for patient-level risk factors (covariates) that independently influence test results or disease prevalence. By conditioning performance metrics on observed covariates — age, sex, comorbidities, or prior screening history — this approach yields accuracy estimates that are not confounded by differences in population risk profiles, enabling fair comparisons across subgroups or study settings.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.