विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| पूर्वव्यापी पारिस्थितिक अध्ययन× | पूर्वव्यापी कोहॉर्ट अध्ययन× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | महामारी विज्ञान | महामारी विज्ञान |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 20th century (formalized ~1980s–1990s) | Mid-20th century (widely formalized 1950s–1970s) |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Epidemiological tradition; formalized by Morgenstern and others | Systematic use attributed to early 20th-century occupational epidemiology; formalized in modern epidemiological theory by Brian MacMahon and others |
| प्रकार≠ | Observational epidemiological design | Observational analytic study |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Morgenstern, H. (1998). Ecologic studies. In K. J. Rothman & S. Greenland (Eds.), Modern Epidemiology (2nd ed., pp. 459–480). Lippincott-Raven. link ↗ | Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641 |
| उपनाम | retrospective aggregate study, historical ecological study, retrospective correlational ecological design, population-level retrospective study | historical cohort study, non-concurrent cohort study, retrospective follow-up study, historical prospective study |
| संबंधित≠ | 5 | 6 |
| सारांश≠ | A retrospective ecological study examines associations between exposures and outcomes using pre-existing aggregate data from defined populations or geographic units. Rather than following individual subjects, the unit of analysis is a group — a country, region, or time period — and all measurements come from historical records already collected before the study began. It is a rapid, low-cost way to generate hypotheses about environmental, social, or policy determinants of disease at the population level. | A retrospective cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point and reconstructs their exposure history and subsequent outcomes entirely from pre-existing records. Because the data have already been collected before the study begins, the design is far faster and cheaper than a prospective cohort; however, the researcher must work with whatever information was recorded at the time rather than collecting purpose-built measurements. |
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