विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| पूर्व-परीक्षण-पश्चात-परीक्षण प्रायोगिक अभिकल्पना× | अंतर-में-अंतर (डिफ-इन-डिफ)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र≠ | प्रयोगात्मक अभिकल्प | अर्थमिति |
| परिवार≠ | Process / pipeline | Regression model |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley) | 1994 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley | Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment) |
| प्रकार≠ | Experimental / quasi-experimental research design | Causal inference / panel regression |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally. link ↗ | Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355 |
| उपनाम≠ | pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design | diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff) |
| संबंधित | 5 | 5 |
| सारांश≠ | The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences. | Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes. |
| ScholarGateडेटासेट ↗ |
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