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	प्रैग्मैटिक सिंगल-सब्जेक्ट एक्सपेरिमेंटल डिज़ाइन	ABAB डिज़ाइन
क्षेत्र	प्रयोगात्मक अभिकल्प	प्रयोगात्मक अभिकल्प
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1960s–1970s (SSED roots); pragmatic framing prominent from 1990s onward	1960s (Sidman 1960; Baer et al. 1968)
प्रवर्तक	Applied behavior analysis tradition (Sidman, Baer, Wolf, Risley); pragmatic adaptation from clinical research	Murray Sidman; Baer, Wolf & Risley (applied behavior analysis formalization)
प्रकार	Single-case experimental design variant	Single-subject experimental design
मौलिक स्रोत	Kazdin, A. E. (2011). Single-Case Research Designs: Methods for Clinical and Applied Settings (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195341881	Sidman, M. (1960). Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology. Basic Books.
उपनाम	pragmatic SSED, pragmatic N-of-1 design, real-world single-case design, applied single-subject experimental design	reversal design, withdrawal design, ABAB reversal, operant reversal design
संबंधित	6	4
सारांश	Pragmatic single-subject experimental design applies the logic of single-case experimentation — repeated measurement, baseline comparison, and phase manipulation — within real-world practice settings rather than controlled laboratories. It allows practitioners and clinicians to rigorously evaluate interventions for individual participants without requiring large samples, making it especially valuable in applied, clinical, and educational contexts where heterogeneity across individuals is high.	The ABAB design is a single-subject experimental methodology that establishes causal control by repeatedly introducing and removing an intervention. A baseline phase (A) is followed by an intervention phase (B), then a return to baseline (A), and a second intervention phase (B), allowing the researcher to demonstrate that observed behavior changes are produced by the intervention rather than by coincidental factors.