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	बहुपदीय मापन निश्चरता (Polytomous Measurement Invariance)	मापन निश्चरता परीक्षण
क्षेत्र	मनोमिति	मनोमिति
परिवार	Latent structure	Latent structure
उद्भव वर्ष	2000–2004	2000
प्रवर्तक	Roger E. Millsap, Robert J. Vandenberg	Vandenberg & Lance
प्रकार	Multi-group confirmatory test	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure
मौलिक स्रोत	Millsap, R. E. & Kwok, O.-M. (2004). Evaluating the impact of partial factor loading and intercept invariance on selection utility. Psychological Methods, 9(2), 200–215.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.
उपनाम	PMI, ordinal measurement invariance, polytomous factorial invariance, polytomous multi-group measurement invariance	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği
संबंधित	5	3
सारांश	Polytomous measurement invariance testing evaluates whether a scale with ordered categorical (polytomous) response options — such as Likert-type items — measures the same latent construct in the same way across two or more groups. It extends classical multi-group CFA invariance testing to properly account for the ordinal nature of item responses, ensuring that group comparisons of latent means or factor structures are substantively valid.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.