विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| पैनल-आधारित क्रॉस-सेक्शनल अनुसंधान× | सर्वेक्षण अनुसंधान× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | अनुसंधान अभिकल्प | अनुसंधान अभिकल्प |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1940s–1960s (formalized in social survey methodology) | Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Panel survey methodology developed from large-scale government and social survey programs (e.g., University of Michigan Survey Research Center, 1940s–1950s) | Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s |
| प्रकार≠ | Quantitative observational design | Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Kasprzyk, D., Duncan, G., Kalton, G., & Singh, M. P. (Eds.). (1989). Panel Surveys. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0471622635 | Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000 |
| उपनाम | panel cross-sectional survey, rotating panel cross-section, repeated cross-section panel, cross-sectional panel design | survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study |
| संबंधित≠ | 3 | 4 |
| सारांश≠ | Panel-based cross-sectional research draws repeated cross-sectional measurements from a pre-recruited standing panel rather than sampling fresh respondents each time. This hybrid design preserves the snapshot character of classic cross-sectional surveys while gaining speed, cost efficiency, and comparability across waves. It is widely used in social, health, and market research whenever population-level estimates are needed quickly and repeatedly without full longitudinal tracking of the same individuals. | Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences. |
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