विधियों की तुलना करें

	सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक प्रभाव अनुसूची (PANAS)	महामारी विज्ञान अध्ययन केंद्र अवसाद पैमाना (CES-D)	अवसाद चिंता तनाव स्केल-21 (DASS-21)
क्षेत्र	नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान	नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान	नैदानिक मनोविज्ञान
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1988	1977	1995
प्रवर्तक	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond
प्रकार	Mood and affect self-assessment	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening
मौलिक स्रोत	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.
उपनाम	PANAS, PANAS-X	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42
संबंधित	5	5	5
सारांश	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.