विधियों की तुलना करें

	ऑनलाइन गैर-प्रतिभागी अवलोकन	गैर-प्रतिभागी अवलोकन
क्षेत्र	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	Late 1990s–2000s	Formalized mid-20th century (Gold 1958); practice dates to late 19th-century social surveys
प्रवर्तक	Christine Hine; Robert Kozinets (digital/online adaptation)	Raymond Gold (role typology); earlier roots in social survey movement and Chicago School sociology
प्रकार	Qualitative data collection technique	Qualitative / quantitative observational data collection
मौलिक स्रोत	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in sociological field observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223.
उपनाम	digital non-participant observation, passive online observation, covert online observation, online unobtrusive observation	detached observation, systematic observation, structured field observation, external observation
संबंधित	6	5
सारांश	Online non-participant observation is a qualitative data collection technique in which the researcher watches and records naturally occurring behaviour in digital settings — forums, social media platforms, chat groups, comment sections, or online communities — without joining, interacting with, or disclosing their presence to participants. The approach transplants the classical non-participant observation tradition into internet-mediated spaces, enabling study of authentic discourse and interaction as it unfolds organically.	Non-participant observation is a data-collection method in which the researcher observes behavior, interactions, or events in a natural or structured setting without joining or influencing the activity under study. The observer maintains a deliberate distance from participants to minimize their own effect on the phenomena being recorded, producing field notes, behavioral tallies, or recordings that reflect naturally occurring behavior rather than behavior shaped by researcher involvement.