विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| बहुस्तरीय पैमाना विकास× | पुष्टिकारीय कारक विश्लेषण (CFA)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | मनोमिति | मनोमिति |
| परिवार | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1990s–2000s | 1969 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Raudenbush, Bryk, Hox and colleagues | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| प्रकार≠ | Hierarchical measurement / scale construction | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1848728462 | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| उपनाम | multilevel measurement modeling, hierarchical scale development, MLSEM scale construction, nested data scale development | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| संबंधित≠ | 5 | 4 |
| सारांश≠ | Multilevel scale development constructs and validates measurement instruments for data collected from individuals nested within higher-level units such as classrooms, organizations, or clinics. It partitions item variance into within-group and between-group components, ensuring that reliability and factor structure are evaluated at both levels simultaneously. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
| ScholarGateडेटासेट ↗ |
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