विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| अनुदैर्ध्य संबंधात्मक सर्वेक्षण× | संबंधात्मक सर्वेक्षण× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | अनुसंधान अभिकल्प | अनुसंधान अभिकल्प |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1960s–1980s (formalized in panel and longitudinal survey literature) | Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s) |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Classical survey methodology (Campbell & Stanley, 1963; Kessler & Greenberg, 1981) | Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others |
| प्रकार≠ | Non-experimental quantitative design | Quantitative non-experimental survey design |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195152968 | Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748 |
| उपनाम | longitudinal correlational survey, prospective relational survey, repeated-measures relational survey, panel relational survey | correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey |
| संबंधित≠ | 3 | 4 |
| सारांश≠ | A longitudinal relational survey follows the same sample at two or more time points, collecting structured questionnaire data each wave and examining how the relationships among variables change, strengthen, weaken, or emerge across time. Unlike a cross-sectional relational survey that offers a single snapshot, this design captures temporal dynamics and allows researchers to test whether earlier measurements predict later outcomes, making it valuable for studying development, attitude change, and causal ordering. | Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation. |
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