विधियों की तुलना करें

	कारण अनुमान के लिए वाद्य चर (IV) विधि	स्वास्थ्य अर्थशास्त्र में निर्णय विश्लेषणात्मक मॉडलिंग
क्षेत्र	स्वास्थ्य अर्थशास्त्र	स्वास्थ्य अर्थशास्त्र
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1990s (modern applications)	1975
प्रवर्तक	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Pauker & Kassirer (medical decision analysis, Massachusetts General Hospital)
प्रकार	Method	Method
मौलिक स्रोत	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Pauker, S. G., & Kassirer, J. P. (1975). Therapeutic Decision Making: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. New England Journal of Medicine, 293(5), 229-234.
उपनाम	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	decision analysis, decision tree, decision model, health economic model
संबंधित	3	5
सारांश	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Decision analytic modeling is a systematic framework for comparing health interventions by integrating evidence on probabilities, outcomes, costs, and patient preferences into a quantitative model. Developed by Pauker and Kassirer in 1975, decision analysis structures clinical uncertainty and economic trade-offs, enabling transparent comparison of treatment options and identification of optimal strategies. Used in health technology assessment, clinical practice guideline development, and resource allocation decisions.