विधियों की तुलना करें

	पदानुक्रमित वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान	स्तरीकृत प्रतिचयन
क्षेत्र	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1980s–1990s (multilevel descriptive formalization)	1977
प्रवर्तक	Formalized within survey and educational research traditions; associated with Hox, Raudenbush, Bryk, and Creswell	William G. Cochran
प्रकार	Quantitative observational/descriptive design	Probability-based survey sampling design
मौलिक स्रोत	Hox, J. J. (2010). Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1848728455	Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-471-16240-7
उपनाम	multilevel descriptive design, nested descriptive study, hierarchical survey design, stratified descriptive research	Proportional Stratified Sampling, Optimal Allocation Sampling, Stratum-Based Sampling, Tabakalı Örnekleme
संबंधित	4	2
सारांश	Hierarchical descriptive research is an observational design that documents the current state of a phenomenon across two or more nested levels — for example, students within classrooms within schools, or employees within teams within organizations. Rather than testing hypotheses or explaining causation, it describes distributions, frequencies, and relationships at each level, making explicit the structured, layered nature of the population being studied.	Stratified sampling is a probability sampling design in which the target population is partitioned into non-overlapping, exhaustive subgroups called strata, and independent probability samples are drawn within each stratum. Formalized by William G. Cochran in Sampling Techniques (1977), the method exploits known population structure to reduce variance and guarantee representativeness of all major subgroups, making it a cornerstone of large-scale survey research and official statistics.