विधियों की तुलना करें

	विषम उपचार प्रभाव (CATE / मेटा-लर्नर्स)	प्रोपेंसिटी स्कोर मैचिंग
क्षेत्र	कारणात्मक अनुमान	अनुसंधान सांख्यिकी
परिवार	Regression model	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	2018	1983
प्रवर्तक	Wager & Athey (causal forest); Künzel et al. (meta-learners)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
प्रकार	Causal machine-learning framework	Method
मौलिक स्रोत	Wager, S. & Athey, S. (2018). Estimation and Inference of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects using Random Forests. Journal of the American Statistical Association.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
उपनाम	conditional average treatment effect, CATE, meta-learners, causal forest	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
संबंधित	5	3
सारांश	Heterogeneous Treatment Effects is a machine-learning framework that estimates how a treatment effect varies across individuals — the conditional average treatment effect (CATE). It bundles meta-learner strategies such as the T-Learner, S-Learner, X-Learner and R-Learner alongside the causal forest of Wager and Athey (2018) and Künzel et al. (2019).	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.