विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| प्रथम-अंतर आकलक (First-Difference Estimator)× | अंतर-में-अंतर (डिफ-इन-डिफ)× | पैनल डेटा फिक्स्ड इफेक्ट्स मॉडल× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | अर्थमिति | अर्थमिति | अर्थमिति |
| परिवार | Regression model | Regression model | Regression model |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 2010 | 1994 | 2014 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Jeffrey Wooldridge (treatment) | Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment) | Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data |
| प्रकार≠ | Panel data estimator | Causal inference / panel regression | Panel data regression |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-23258-8 | Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355 | Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. DOI ↗ |
| उपनाम≠ | FD Estimator, First-Difference Panel Estimator, First-Difference OLS, Birinci Fark Tahmincisi | diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff) | fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli |
| संबंधित≠ | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| सारांश≠ | The First-Difference (FD) estimator is a panel data method that eliminates unobserved, time-invariant individual heterogeneity by subtracting each unit's observation in period t-1 from its observation in period t. By operating on changes rather than levels, FD removes any fixed individual effect that would otherwise confound causal inference. It is widely used in labor economics, program evaluation, and applied microeconomics whenever researchers suspect persistent unobserved differences across individuals, firms, or countries. | Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes. | The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014). |
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