विधियों की तुलना करें

	क्षेत्रीय टिप्पणियाँ	Longitudinal Survey
क्षेत्र	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति	सर्वेक्षण पद्धति
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century
प्रवर्तक	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies)
प्रकार	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design
मौलिक स्रोत	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292
उपनाम	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey
संबंधित	6	3
सारांश	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support.