विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| आमने-सामने सर्वेक्षण× | सर्वेक्षण× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | सर्वेक्षण पद्धति | सर्वेक्षण पद्धति |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1930s–1940s (systematic survey era) | Late 19th century; systematic social-science use from 1940s |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Established practice formalised in survey methodology (Gallup, Likert, and others from the 1930s–1940s) | Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; formalised by Paul Lazarsfeld in the 1940s |
| प्रकार≠ | Quantitative / mixed-mode data collection | Quantitative (primarily) or mixed-methods data-collection instrument |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000 | Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, Phone, Mail, and Mixed-Mode Surveys: The Tailored Design Method (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118456149 |
| उपनाम | personal interview survey, in-person survey, PAPI survey, door-to-door survey | questionnaire survey, survey research, self-report survey, questionnaire study |
| संबंधित≠ | 5 | 6 |
| सारांश≠ | A face-to-face survey is a structured data collection method in which a trained interviewer meets respondents in person and administers a standardised questionnaire. The interviewer reads questions aloud, clarifies wording when permitted by protocol, and records answers — either on paper (PAPI) or a laptop/tablet (CAPI). This mode consistently achieves higher response rates and better data quality for complex or sensitive questionnaires than self-administered alternatives, and is the reference standard in large-scale population surveys. | A survey is a systematic data-collection method in which a standardised set of questions is posed to a sample of respondents to measure attitudes, behaviours, demographics, or other constructs. Surveys can be administered via paper, telephone, online platforms, or face-to-face. They are among the most widely used instruments in social, behavioural, health, and educational research because they can reach large, geographically dispersed samples at relatively low cost. |
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