विधियों की तुलना करें

	नृवंशविज्ञान अनुसंधान	क्रिया अनुसंधान
क्षेत्र	गुणात्मक अनुसंधान	गुणात्मक अनुसंधान
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1920s–1970s	1946
प्रवर्तक	Anthropology (Malinowski, Boas); applied in health and sociology (Geertz)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury
प्रकार	Method	Method
मौलिक स्रोत	Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures: Selected essays. Basic Books.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.
उपनाम	Ethnography, Participatory Observation, Field Research	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry
संबंधित	4	1
सारांश	Ethnographic research is an immersive qualitative methodology in which researchers spend prolonged time in a community, organization, or social setting, combining participant observation, interviews, and document analysis to develop a rich, contextual understanding of a group's beliefs, practices, and social structures. Grounded in anthropology and refined for health, organizational, and social research, ethnography produces 'thick description' (Geertz 1973) that reveals the meaning and context underlying observable behavior.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.