विधियों की तुलना करें

	पारिस्थितिक अध्ययन	खुराक-प्रतिक्रिया विश्लेषण
क्षेत्र	महामारी विज्ञान	महामारी विज्ञान
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	19th century (Snow 1854); formalised mid-20th century	Conceptual roots 16th century; modern epidemiological application mid-20th century
प्रवर्तक	Various; foundational work by John Snow (1854) and systematised in modern form by Brian MacMahon and colleagues	Paracelsus (conceptual foundation); formalized by John Snow and later Bradford Hill
प्रकार	Observational epidemiological study	Quantitative analytical method
मौलिक स्रोत	Morgenstern, H. (1995). Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annual Review of Public Health, 16(1), 61–81.	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641
उपनाम	aggregate study, correlational study, ecological correlation study, population-level study	exposure-response analysis, concentration-response modeling, dose-response modeling, DRA
संबंधित	5	4
सारांश	An ecological study is an observational epidemiological design in which the unit of analysis is a group or population — a country, region, city, or time period — rather than an individual. Exposures and outcomes are measured as aggregates (rates, proportions, or means) and then correlated across groups to generate or evaluate hypotheses about population-level associations between risk factors and disease.	Dose-response analysis quantifies the relationship between the magnitude of an exposure (the dose) and the probability or rate of an outcome (the response). It is a core analytical strategy in epidemiology and toxicology, providing evidence that increasing exposure systematically increases — or decreases — the risk of disease. A demonstrated dose-response gradient is one of Bradford Hill's classic criteria supporting causal inference.