विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| अंतर-में-अंतर (डिफ-इन-डिफ)× | कारण अनुमान के लिए वाद्य चर (IV) विधि× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र≠ | अर्थमिति | स्वास्थ्य अर्थशास्त्र |
| परिवार≠ | Regression model | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1994 | 1990s (modern applications) |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment) | Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory |
| प्रकार≠ | Causal inference / panel regression | Method |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355 | Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. link ↗ |
| उपनाम≠ | diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff) | IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation |
| संबंधित≠ | 5 | 3 |
| सारांश≠ | Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes. | Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes. |
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