विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| विभेदक मद विश्लेषण (Differential Item Functioning - DIF)× | पुष्टिकारीय कारक विश्लेषण (CFA)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | मनोमिति | मनोमिति |
| परिवार | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1988 | 1969 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988) | Karl Gustav Jöreskog |
| प्रकार≠ | Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis | Hypothesis-testing latent variable model |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series. link ↗ | Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202. DOI ↗ |
| उपनाम≠ | Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF | CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis |
| संबंधित | 4 | 4 |
| सारांश≠ | Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias. | Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing. |
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