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	अनुप्रस्थ वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान	विवरणात्मक अनुसंधान	अनुदैर्ध्य अनुसंधान
क्षेत्र	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	Mid-20th century (1950s–1970s, widespread codification)	Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s	Late 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th century
प्रवर्तक	Rooted in survey methodology traditions; formalized in epidemiology and social science research design texts of the mid-20th century	Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger	No single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett
प्रकार	Quantitative observational research design	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative (or mixed) observational research design
मौलिक स्रोत	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922841
उपनाम	cross-sectional survey, descriptive cross-sectional study, prevalence study, one-shot descriptive survey	descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research	longitudinal study, longitudinal design, prospective longitudinal study, repeated-measures observational study
संबंधित	3	3	4
सारांश	Cross-sectional descriptive research collects data from a population or sample at a single point in time to portray the current distribution of characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions. It answers 'what is happening now?' questions without manipulating variables or following participants over time. Widely used in epidemiology, education, psychology, and the social sciences, it is the foundation for prevalence estimates, needs assessments, and baseline profiling.	Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences.	Longitudinal research is an observational design in which the same participants, groups, or units are measured repeatedly over an extended period. Rather than capturing a single snapshot, it tracks change, stability, and temporal sequencing of variables — making it the primary non-experimental strategy for studying development, growth, decline, and the unfolding of causal processes across time.