विधियों की तुलना करें

	शिक्षा अनुसंधान में प्रति-तथ्यात्मक प्रभाव मूल्यांकन	प्रोपेंसिटी स्कोर मैचिंग
क्षेत्र	कारणात्मक अनुमान	अनुसंधान सांख्यिकी
परिवार	Regression model	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	2000s–2010s	1983
प्रवर्तक	Blundell & Costa Dias; formalized for EU education policy by the European Commission Joint Research Centre	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
प्रकार	Quasi-experimental causal inference framework	Method
मौलिक स्रोत	Blundell, R., & Costa Dias, M. (2002). Alternative approaches to evaluation in empirical microeconomics. Portuguese Economic Journal, 1(2), 91-115.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
उपनाम	CIE in education, counterfactual program evaluation, causal impact evaluation, education policy impact evaluation	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
संबंधित	5	3
सारांश	Counterfactual impact evaluation (CIE) is the systematic application of causal inference designs — such as difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity, matching, and instrumental variables — to measure the genuine effect of education programs, policies, or interventions by constructing a credible counterfactual: what would have happened to participants had they not been treated.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.