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	तुलनात्मक मॉडल परीक्षण अनुसंधान	मॉडल परीक्षण अनुसंधान
क्षेत्र	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प	अनुसंधान अभिकल्प
परिवार	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
उद्भव वर्ष	1969–2000s	1970s (Joreskog 1969–1973); widely adopted in social sciences by the 1980s–1990s
प्रवर्तक	Rooted in structural equation modeling traditions; formalized through Jöreskog (1969) and extended by Vandenberg & Lance (2000)	Karl G. Joreskog (SEM/LISREL framework); formalized through structural equation modeling tradition
प्रकार	Quantitative confirmatory-comparative research design	Confirmatory quantitative research design
मौलिक स्रोत	Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462523344	Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462523344
उपनाम	comparative model comparison, cross-group model testing, competing model comparison research, comparative structural model evaluation	model-based research, structural model testing, theory-testing research, MTR
संबंधित	4	5
सारांश	Comparative model testing research is a quantitative design in which two or more theoretically motivated models — or the same model evaluated across distinct groups or conditions — are systematically tested and compared using fit indices, likelihood-ratio tests, or information criteria. The goal is to determine which model better represents the data structure, or whether a model's parameter structure holds equally across comparison groups.	Model testing research is a confirmatory quantitative design in which the researcher specifies a theoretical model — depicting hypothesized relationships among constructs — and then tests how well that model fits empirical data. Drawing primarily on structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), it evaluates whether the data-implied covariance structure is consistent with the theoretically derived one, yielding fit indices that indicate model-data correspondence.